Angiosperm - A taxonomic
class of the plant kingdom, the flowering plants. The seeds of angiosperms are borne in an
enclosed ovary.
Monocot - A subclass of the
Angiospermae in which the plants have one cotyledon in their seeds, have parallel leaf
venation, and have flower parts in threes or multiples thereof.
Dicot - A subclass of the
Angiospermae in which the plants have two cotyledons in their seeds, have pinnate or
palmate leaf venation.
Gymnosperm - A taxonomic
class of the plant kingdom. The seeds of gymnosperms are borne naked with no ovary. Pines,
spruces, and ginkgo are examples of gymnosperms. see gymnosperm leaf types
Corolla Types
Salverform - has a slender
tube and an abruptly expanded flat limb extending at right angles to the tube
Bilabiate - two-lipped
Funnelform - the corolla tube
gradually widens; as in morning glory flowers
Campanulate - bell shaped
Inflorescence Types
Corymb - an inflorescence
appearing to have a flat top; indeterminate inflorescence with outer flowers opening first
Cyme - more or less flat
topped, determinate inflorescence with outer flowers opening last
Composite Head - a dense
cluster of ray and disk flowers on a very short axis
Umbel - indeterminate
inflorescence ,usually but not necessarily flat topped, with the pedicles and peduncles
arising from a common point; resembles the stays of an umbrella
Spike - unbranched,
elongated, simple, indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers
Spathe and Spadix - a thick,
fleshy flower spike (spadix) surrounded by a leaf or bract (spathe); ex: closet plant
Solitary - borne singly or
alone
Panicle - indeterminate,
branching inflorescence; the individual branches are either raceme or corymb-like
Raceme - simple,
indeterminate inflorescence with pedicelled flowers
Flower Parts
Pistil - female part of the
flower, composed of a stigma, style, and ovary
Stigma - the part of the
pistil that receives the pollen, located at the tip of the pistil and often hairy or
sticky
Style - elongated part of the
pistil between the stigma and ovary
Ovary - the part of the
pistil that contains the ovules
Stamen - the pollen bearing
organs of a flower, composed of a filaments and anthers
Anther - the pollen bearing
part of the stamen
Filament - the part of the
stamen that supports the anther
Perianth - the floral
envelope, composed of the corolla and calyx
Corolla - the inner circle of
the perianth; collective name for petals
Petal - an individual part of
the corolla used when referring to polypetalous corollas
Calyx - the outer circle of
the perianth; collective name for sepals; usually green
Sepal - an individual part of
the calyx
Categories Determined By Parts Present
Fleshy Fruits
Berry
- fruit with the pericarp fleshy throughout and seeds inside the fruit
Tomato
Specialized Berries
Hesperidium
- a berry with leathery exocarp and mesocarp; the endocarp is segmented and very juicy
Orange
Pepo
- a berry with a hard and very thick exocarp or rind
Cantaloupe
Pome
- a fleshy fruit produced by an inferior ovary; the endocarp enclosing many seeds is
commonly called the core
Apple
Stone (or) Drupe - a fleshy fruit, usually
one seeded; the seed is enclosed in a stony endocarp
Cherry
Dry Non-dehiscent Fruits - dry fruits which
do not split along definite lines to release seeds at maturity
Acorn - single celled, single
seeded fruit of oaks
Samaras - a dry,
non-dehiscent, winged fruit
Dry Dehiscent Fruits - dry fruits which split
along definite lines to release seeds at maturity
Legume - single celled,
splits along two sutures releasing the seeds
Silique - consists
of two cells, splits along two sutures releasing the seeds
Capsule - short and rounded
fruit, consists of more than one carpel
Terminal Bud - the bud
located at the top of the stem; the growing point
Lateral (or) Axillary Bud - buds
located where the leaf petiole is attached to the stem
Leaf Scar - the scar left
where a leaf petiole was once attached to the stem
Lenticels - loose corky cells
on woody stems which are responsible for the exchange of gasses
Simple Leaves
Leaf
Blade - the flat, expanded
part of a leaf
Apex - the top portion of the
leaf blade
Base - the lower portion of
the leaf blade, usually where the petiole attaches
Margin - the edge of a leaf
Midrib - the main, central
vein in a leaf
Lateral veins - the veins
expanding off the midrib throughout the leaf
Petiole - the
leaf stalk connecting the blade to the stem
Stipule - an appendage at the
base of the petiole
Compound Leaves
Leaf
Leaflet - secondary leaf on a
compound leaf
Petiolule - the leaflet stalk
connecting the blade to the rachis
Rachis - the midrib of the
compound leaf bearing leaflets
Petiole - the leaf stalk
connecting the compound leaf to the stem
Stipule - an appendage at the
base of the petiole
Leaf Arrangement
Opposite - two leaves per
node, directly across from each other
Alternate - one leaf per node
with the first leaf being on the alternate side of the stem from the next
Whorled - three or more
leaves per node
Basal - leaves are clustered
at the base of the stem
Leaf
Shapes
Lanceolate - a narrow leaf,
broadest at the base narrowing toward the apex
Ovate - egg shaped with a
broad base
Oval - broadest at the middle
Peltate - a broad, rounded
leaf with the petiole attached in the middle of the underside of the leaf blade;
umbrella-like
Reniform - kidney-shaped; the
petiole is attached at the sinus
Cordate - heart-shaped
Apex
Shapes
Acuminate - tip has a pinched
in appearance with an extended point
Apiculate - an abrupt, soft
tip
Rounded - tip is broad and
rounded; having no point
Emarginate - a shallow notch
at the apex
Base
Shapes
Cordate - heart-shaped
Oblique - leaf margins do not
attach to the petiole evenly
Peltate - similar to peltate
leaf shape; refers to the attachment of the petiole on the underside of the leaf blade
Rounded - broad based
Sheathing - the base of the
leaf surrounds the stem
Truncate - squared base
Leaf Margins
Entire - no teeth nor lobes
on the margin; smooth
Crenate - teeth are rounded
Serrate - small teeth on the
margin which point toward the apex; saw-like
Lobed - margin divided into
rounded lobes and sinuses
Leaf Venations
Parallel - veins are arranged
parallel to one another from the base to the apex
Pinnate - veins move
laterally from the midrib throughout the blade
Palmate - veins branch from
the leaf base throughout the blade just as fingers radiate from a hand
Gymnosperm Leaf Types
Awl-like - small
leaves narrow and triangular in form
Scale-like - the
leaves are small, flat, and snug against stem; resembles the scales of a fish or reptile
Needle-like
- long, slender, stiff leaves; as on pine trees
Roots
Tap Roots - the primary root
continues straight down the axis of the plant traveling deep into the soil
Fibrous Roots - the roots
resemble fibers, there is no single primary root
Tuberous Roots - thick,
fleshy roots
Specialized Structures
Tubers - a thick, underground
stem having numerous buds
Rhizomes - a lateral stem
growing just beneath or partially beneath the soil line
Stolons - an above ground
trailing shoot
Corm - a thick, solid,
underground stem
Tunicate Bulb - an
underground, modified leaf bud with tight concentric layers; used as a storage organ
Scaly Bulb - an underground
modified leaf bud with loose concentric layers; used as a storage organ
